{"product_id":"mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution","title":"Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution","description":"\u003cp\u003e2017 Reprint of 1919 Edition. \"Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution\" is a 1902 work by Russian anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. Kropotkin explores the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or \"mutual aid\") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against the competition-centered theories of so-called social Darwinism, as well as the romantic depictions of cooperation presented by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued it was motivated by universal love rather than self-interest. \"Mutual Aid\" is considered a fundamental text in anarchist communism, presenting a scientific basis for communism alternative to the historical materialism of the Marxists. Many biologists also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Martino Fine Books","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":48515723657465,"sku":"9781684220700","price":7.05,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0813\/1811\/7625\/files\/imageloader_f33f92bd-e224-47ee-abb0-32436f17b3e1.jpg?v=1781209069","url":"https:\/\/hookeandplotte.com\/products\/mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution","provider":"Hooke and Plotte Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}